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Elaboration (13) ACLINU115

giving advice with suffix -lah, for example, beristirahatlah, tunggulah, nasehat saya, sebaiknya, seharusnya, jangan

Elaboration (14) ACLINU115

showing empathy and well-wishing, for example, kasihan, harap cepat sembuh, semoga sukses

Elaboration (15) ACLINU115

giving opinion, for example, saya berpendapat bahwa, saya percaya

Elaboration (16) ACLINU115

contrasting two ideas using conjunctions, for example, namun, namun demikian, walaupun begitu, meskipun

Elaboration (17) ACLINU115

referring to abstract ideas using affixation and nominalisation, for example, belajar/pelajar/pelajaran, kerja/mengerjakan/pekerjaan, sakit/penyakit/kesakitan

referring to events and time using frequency markers (for example, sering kali, sekali-sekali, belum pernah, hampir tidak pernah) and time indicators, for example, tadi malam, nanti, nanti sore, sekarang, pada masa depan, yang akan datang, waktu liburan …

Elaboration (19) ACLINU115

referring back to something specific using tersebut

Elaboration ACLINU116

analysing how texts are constructed, including cohesive devices such as conjunctions and coherence devices such as time markers

Elaboration (1) ACLINU116

examining language structures and features used in a range of texts for communicative effect, for example, to persuade, amuse, ridicule, sympathise, challenge, include or exclude, offend or forgive

Elaboration (2) ACLINU116

using literary devices to enhance ideas and expression in imaginative texts, for example, metaphor (adalah) and simile (sama dengan, seperti, bagai)

Elaboration (3) ACLINU116

analysing and comparing textual features across cultures, for example, the convention of apologising at the opening and closing of formal Indonesian speeches, and showing humility in an Indonesian job application

Elaboration (4) ACLINU116

understanding the prevalence of acronyms (for example, ultah, penjaskes, narkoba), and their use for convenience

Elaboration ACLINU117

observing that Indonesians are typically multilingual and regularly shift between languages according to context, for example, use of Bahasa gaul among teenagers, bahasa daerah with local community, and bahasa baku in formal communication

Elaboration (1) ACLINU117

identifying levels of formality or register of language used in texts and explaining reasons for this, for example, the use of formal language when talking to people in authority to show respect, the use of informal language in commercials to create a …

Elaboration (2) ACLINU117

examining variations in language used in face-to-face and written/online communication, particularly noticing colloquial language and how it differs from standard forms, for example, kasih aku coklat, dong; boleh minta coklat, Bu

Elaboration (3) ACLINU117

making connections between aspects of language use and the identity of participants, for example, Muslim expressions such as Insya’ Allah, Puji Tuhan, Syukur, Alhamdullillah

Elaboration ACLINU118

recognising how and why a language may borrow vocabulary and expressions from other languages, particularly when adopting new products and practices, for example, English terms for technology adapted to Indonesian grammar (nge-lunch, meng-upload, ngopi, …

Elaboration (1) ACLINU118

analysing word borrowings in Indonesian, such as from Arabic (Assalam alaikum), English (teknis, format), Dutch (rekening, wortel, kantor), Sanskrit (bahasa, belanja), Tamil (roti, mangga) and Javanese (alon-alon asal kelakon), and exploring borrowings …

Elaboration (2) ACLINU118

understanding that cultures are constantly changing and consist of multiple subcultures with distinctive language practices such as family sayings and teenage slang, for example, nongkrong, gebetan, cowok/cewek

Elaboration (3) ACLINU118

investigating how the language of texts in public spaces, such as signs and graffiti, can reflect opinions, values and beliefs, including controversial or political ideas, for example, reformasi

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